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Multiple stressors in marine systems.
In this chapter, we explore how stressors interact in marine ecosystems, and why we should consider stressors in combinations to enhance conservation, management, and restoration efforts. Stressors in marine and estuarine ecosystems have a large number of forms and sources. Most stressors represent the extremes of normal environmental variation that have increased in frequency or severity as a consequence of human activities. In addition, anthropogenic activities can introduce novel challenges, such as synthetic chemicals, to the environment.
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